装甲车辆舱室湿度调节系统设计与研制

目的设计研制舱室湿度调节系统,用于开展装甲车辆舱室热舒适性测试与评价技术研究。方法通过任务计算机设定实验任务,并将湿度目标值通过RS485总线传输给PLC控制器,由PLC控制器控制加湿机和除湿机工作,同时由湿度传感器对舱室内的湿度进行实施监控,达到目标值后,进行加湿和除湿的动态控制。结果该系统可实现20%～95%舱内湿度调节。结论为开展装甲车辆舱室湿热环境研究奠定实验基础。     

Effect of NOx and RH on the secondary organic aerosol formation from toluene photooxidation

The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation mechanism and physicochemical properties can highly be influenced by relative humidity (RH) and NOx concentration. In this study, we performed a laboratory investigation of the SOA formation from toluene/OH photooxidation system in the presence or absence of NOx in dry and wet conditions. The chemical composition of toluene-derived SOA was measured using Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). It was found that the mass concentration of toluene decreased with increasing RH and NOx concentration. However, the change of SOA chemistry composition (f₄₄, O/C) with increased RH was not consistent in the condition with or without NOx. The light absorption and mass absorption coefficient (MAC) of the toluene-derived SOA only increased with RH in the presence of NOx. In contrast, MAC is invariant with RH in the absence of NOx. HR-ToF-AMS results showed that, in the presence of NOx, the increased nitro-aromatic compounds and N/C ratio concurrently caused the increase of SOA light absorption and O/C in wet conditions, respectively. The relative intensity of CHON and CHO_xN family to the total nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) increased with the increasing RH, and be the major components of NOCs in wet condition. This work revealed a synergy effect of NOx and RH on SOA formation from toluene photooxidation.     

天津市冬季空气湿度对PM2.5和能见度的影响

空气湿度是调节能见度变化和大气污染发展的重要气象因素,利用2015~2020年天津市冬季的相对湿度、比湿、PM_2.5质量浓度和能见度的历史数据,分别分析了PM_2.5质量浓度和能见度与相对湿度和比湿之间的关系.2015~2020年冬季,天津城区PM_2.5质量浓度整体呈下降趋势,6 a下降了28.0%.10 km以上能见度天气的发生频率在2015~2018年冬季逐步上升,但在2019年和2020年的冬季重新下降.其中,2020年1月和2月天津市平均相对湿度达到63%和67%,显著高于30 a的历史同期均值,低于2 km的极端低能见度天气发生频率反弹至与2016年冬季相当的水平,空气湿度的升高在视觉上掩盖了PM_2.5的减排效果.天津市水汽的外部来源主要包括西南方向和东部渤海湾方向的输送,其中渤海湾方向传输的水汽占比约为59%,明显高于西南方向的25%.但东风相对清洁,对PM_2.5质量浓度的增长贡献有限,更多影响的是能见度.相比之下,当地面主导风向为西南风且比湿>2.0 g ·kg^-1时,大气污染的发生频率高达83.6%.短时间内,比湿的变化与相对湿度相比较为平稳,冬季利用比湿的变化在一定程度上可以预测大气污染事件的发生及污染程度.冬季平均相对湿度>80%或比湿>3.0 g ·kg^-1时,PM_2.5质量浓度>75 μg ·m^-3的发生频率分别为78%和80%.在冬季的环境气象预报中,要尤其警惕比湿高于3.0 g ·kg^-1的天气条件.     

Competition and group size in Thomas’s langurs (Presbytis thomasi): the folivore paradox revisited

Among primates, group size is highly variable. The standard ecological model assumes that better predation avoidance as group size increases favours living in larger groups, whereas increased travel costs and reduced net food intake due to within-group competition for resources set the upper limit. Folivorous primates, however, tend to defy this generalisation in that some live in small groups despite low costs of feeding competition. To resolve this ’folivore paradox’, it has been suggested that folivore group size is limited by social factors such as male harassment or infanticide, or that females can disperse more easily and thus maintain group size near optimum levels. In this paper, we examine the effects of group size on home range size, day-journey length, activity budget and diet in wild Thomas’s langurs (Presbytis thomasi), which live in one-male multi-female groups with a limited life cycle. We examined only data from the stable middle tenure phase when factors such as the strength of the breeding male or the way in which groups were formed did not influence ranging and activities. During this phase, group size affected day-journey length and home range size, and had a minor effect on diet, but did not influence time spent feeding or resting, allogrooming or birth rates. Hence the upper limit to group size during the middle tenure phase in Thomas’s langurs is not set by feeding competition. The folivore paradox is not due to frequent female dispersal in Thomas’s langurs. The timing of female dispersal is not as expected if it serves to keep group sizes near the ecological optimum, and groups seem to be below this optimum. Instead, female reproductive success is presumably maximised in small to mid-sized groups because larger groups show a clear trend to experience higher risk of take-over, often accompanied by infanticide. Because females can redistribute themselves among nearby groups when groups reorganise each time a new male starts up a new group, females can keep the group small. Thus, a social factor, risk of infanticide, seems to provide the selective advantage to small group size in Thomas’s langurs. Received: 29 July 1999 / Revised: 17 November 1999 / Accepted: 15 October 2000     

影响滤简分析质量的主要因素和改进方法

介绍了影响滤简称量恒重的原因，指出空气湿度、冷却时间和烘干时间等对滤简称量恒重都有影响。提出使用标准空白滤筒、在平衡室中冷却、称量滤筒、并采用专用滤简盒和刚玉滤筒采样减小系统误差。     

近53年宜昌市霾的演变特征及气象因子诊断

利用1955～2007年宜昌地面观测站相对湿度、能见度资料，2001～2007年08时高空探测规定层气温资料，在对霾记录进行订正处理的基础上，研究了霾天气的气候特征以及霾与地面风向风速、地面气压场、地面气温、连续不降水日数以及高空逆温层、等温层的关系。结果表明，宜昌霾天气从70年代中后期开始迅速增加，从80年代至今每年的霾日数基本在125 d以上；冬季和初春是宜昌霾天气多发的季节，尤其是1、12月几乎有一半的时间会出现霾；5～9月降水季节由于雨水的冲刷作用，宜昌霾天气出现的较少；气压场的减弱、地面气温的增加等气象因子有利于霾天气的出现；连续无降水日数比较多的月份，对应地该月的霾日一般也比较多。同时，研究也初步揭示了近些年宜昌霾日增多除了与城市工业快速发展、生态环境遭到破坏，从而使滞留在空气中的污染物增多有关外，还与宜昌静风多、风速小，低空常存在逆温层、等温层的气候特点，以及宜昌的盛行风方向多化工企业这些因素有关.     

采用浅水盘加湿方式实现低温高湿应力

目前运用最为广范的加湿方法是利用浅水盘加湿,根据其加湿原理分析,浅水盘加湿方法一般只能控制在常温以上的湿度。本文介绍一种方法,结合湿度原理在不对设备进行改造的情况下实现了低温高湿的试验应力。同时,反应出国外某些先进设备对试验风险的完善考虑。     

Ecological Risk Assessment of Neem-Based Pesticides

Abstract

A tiered process was used to evaluate the risks of pure azadirachtin (AZA) and two neem-based insecticides (Neemix? and Bioneem?) on six aquatic animals [crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), white shrimp (Penaeus setiferus), grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus), water fleas (Daphnia pulex), and mosquito larvae (Culex quinquefasciatus)] through short term acute toxicity tests. The risk was calculated using the level of concern endpoints (Q values) and relative hazard index (RHI) for acute and chronic exposure scenarios. The Q values of Neemix?, Bioneem?, and pure AZA derived from acute exposure tests indicated that D. pulex is the only sensitive species to the test pesticides. Furthermore, the RHI values of Neemix? and Bioneem? for D. pulex were above the critical limit of 10 indicating that these pesticides may pose a moderate hazard to this species and related crustaceans in acute exposure scenarios. The RHI values of the two pesticides and pure AZA were all below the critical limit of 10 for P. clarkii, P. setiferus, P. pugio, C. sapidus, and C. quinquefasciatus. The aquatic risk assessment process showed that the risk values of tested pesticides did not exceed the criteria, and therefore, no ecological hazard is likely to result from their use.     

Food utilization and growth of cutworm Spodoptera litura Fabricius larvae exposed to nickel,and its effect on reproductive potential

Food utilization and growth of the 5th and 6th instar Spodoptera litura Fabricius larvae, and its effect on reproduction potential was evaluated by feeding larvae diets with different doses of Ni for 3 generations. Dose-dependent relationships between Ni levels and food consumption and growth were variable with different larval developmental period and Ni exposure duration. RCR, AD and RGR of the 6th instar larvae were much more affected by Ni exposure than those of 5th instar larvae, and the effects were strongest in the 3rd generation. It was found that RCR was significantly stimulated after 1 and 20 mg kg⁻¹ Ni exposure, while AD was significantly inhibited after 1, 5, 10 and 40 mg kg⁻¹ Ni exposure. However, lower levels of Ni (?5 mg kg⁻¹) significantly increased and higher levels of Ni (?10 mg kg⁻¹) significantly decreased RGR. In 3 successive generations, 10 mg kg⁻¹ Ni significantly increased the ECI and ECD of the 5th instar larvae, and 5 mg kg⁻¹ Ni significantly increased the ECD of the 6th instar larvae. However, ECD were all significantly inhibited with 20 mg kg⁻¹ Ni exposure. Results also revealed that durations of larvae were shortened at low levels of Ni, but extended at high levels of Ni. Fecundity was inhibited by the highest Ni doses in each generation, while improved by low Ni doses in the 3rd generation. Hatching rates in all treatments were significantly decreased in a Ni dose-dependent manner. Study indicated that effects of Ni on these parameters were predominant with the increasing Ni exposure period.     

SDJ/W25高低温恒湿环境试验箱

在科技高速发展的今天,越来越多的精密仪器需要进行高低温及湿热试验,以便对试品在给定环境条件下的行为能力作出评价。精密仪器往往要求低风速,低震动和高精度温场。本文介绍环境试验设备如何实现低风速、低震动下,温场高精度。